About the Journal
East Africa Science (EASci) is a no-fee, open-access, peer-reviewed journal published online at www.eahealth.org. It is published two times per year by the East African Health Research Commission. EAHRC, which is based in Bujumbura, Burundi is an institution of the East African Community (EAC). EAC is an East African Regional Economic Community with its headquarters in Arusha, Tanzania. EASci is editorially independent and does not necessarily represent the views or positions of the East African Community.
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Fabian Mashauri, MSc, PhD, Principal Health Officer, East African Health Research Commission, Burundi
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Sandra Nkurunziza, MD, MPH, University of Burundi, Burundi
Ramadhani Nyandwi, MSc, University of Burundi, Burundi
Violet Asiko Ongaya, MSc, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya
Geoffrey Mutisya Maitha, MSc, AIDS Healthcare Foundation, Kenya
Ella Larrissa Ndoricyimpaye, MSc, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
Naasson Tuyiringire, MSc, Rwanda Biomedical Centre, Rwanda
Jacqueline Aber, MSc, Mbarara University, Uganda
Happiness H. Kumburu, MSc, PhD, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Tanzania
Irene Mremi, MSc, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania
Lina Sara Mathew, MSc, Baharel Ghazal University, South Sudan
EDITORIAL BOARD
Ruth Zadoks, PhD, Glasgow University, Scotland
Wilber Sabiiti, PhD, University of St Andrews, Scotland
Quirijn De Mast, MD, PhD, Radboud University Medical Center, The Netherlands
Stephen Gillespie, MD, FRCP, University of St Andrews, UK
Ben Hamel, MD, PhD, Radboud University Medical Center, The Netherlands
Eric Houpt, MD, University of Virginia, USA
Benon Asiimwe, PhD, MPH, Makerere University, Uganda
Alphaxard Manjurano, PhD, National Institute for Medical Research, Tanzania
Ole Lund, PhD, Technical University, Denmark
Joseph Nyandwi, MD, PhD, University of Burundi, Burundi
Eligius Lyamuya, MD, PhD, Muhimbili University of Health & Allied Sciences, Tanzania
Scott Heysell, MD, University of Virginia, USA
Stella Mpagama, MD, PhD, Kibong’oto Infectious Diseases Hospital, Tanzania
Jean De Dieu Ngirabega, MD, PhD, Ruli Higher Institute of Health, Rwanda
Gibson Kibiki, MD, MMed, PhD, Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Tanzania
Thor Theander, MD, DSc, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
John Kiiru, PhD, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya
Mirjam Van Reisen, PhD, Leiden University, The Netherlands
Andre Van Der Ven, MD, PhD, Radboud University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
Sam Kariuki, PhD, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya
Alimuddun Zumla, MD, FRCP, University College London, UK
Leon Mutesa, MD, PhD, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
David P Towers, PhD, University of Warwick, UK
Stephen Magesa, PhD, President’s Malaria Initiatives, Tanzania
Stephen Rulisa, MD, PhD, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
Jenny Renju, MSc, PhD, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK
MANAGING EDITOR
Zaidi Mkangwa, BSc, MSc, East African Health Research Commission, Burundi
DEPUTY MANAGING EDITOR
Steve Wandiga, MSc, PhD, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya
The East African Health Research Journal is made possible by the support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the Knowledge for Health Project and the East African Community. EAHRJ is editorially independent and does not necessarily represent the views or positions of the East African Community.
The East African Health Research Journal is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly cited. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/. For further information, please contact the editors at eahrc-admin@eachq.org.