Prevalence and Risk Factors for Urogenital Schistosomiasis Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in Mwanza, Tanzania: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to urogenital schistosomiasis due to changes in their immune and physiological systems. Understanding the current prevalence and risk factors of the disease in this group is essential for designing effective, locally appropriate preventive strategies. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of urogenital schistosomiasis among pregnant women.
Methods/Principal findings: This cross-sectional study was conducted between April and July 2024 at selected health centers in Ilemela and Misungwi Districts. The study enrolled 469 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics, who collected urine samples, which were screened for Schistosoma haematobium eggs.
Results: The median age of participants was 24 years (IQR: 14 to 2). The prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis was 15/469 (3.2%) (95% CI: 1.8 to 5.2). Factors associated with infection included frequent contact with freshwater sources and painful urination.
Conclusion: The findings highlight a notable burden of urogenital schistosomiasis among pregnant women, particularly in rural communities with increased exposure to infested water. From the study findings we recommend community education on disease prevention, especially regarding freshwater exposure, dysuria should be considered for early detection urogenital schistosomiasis so as to facilitate timely patient management with praziquantel that may help to mitigate the health impacts of this neglected tropical disease in pregnancy.